We now have images of the environment at a black hole’s event horizon

Two years ago, telescopes around the world turned their attention to two supermassive black holes. Now, after a massive computational effort, their data has been combined in a way that allowed them to function as a single, Earth-sized telescope. The results are an unprecedented glimpse of the environment around supermassive black holes, and they confirm that relativity still works under the most extreme gravitational forces.

The environment near the black hole appears to change on very short time scales, though we’re not sure about the significance of this. White circles reflect the resolving power of the Event Horizon Telescope.

Credit: Astrophysical Journal

The black hole in that’s the subject of today’s announcement is a supermassive one at the center of the galaxy M87, 55 million light years away. M87 is an active galaxy where the black hole is feeding on matter and ejecting jets of material. The image itself, however, is made from photons that were temporarily trapped in orbit around the black hole. Here, at the edge of the event horizon, the intense gravity causes space itself to swirl around the black hole, and causes nearby matter to move at approximately the speed of light. The eventual escape of these photons causes a bright ring to appear around the black hole, with the details of the ring reflecting the physics of the object.

A monster

At a press conference this morning, Avery Broderick of the Perimeter Institute described what the images tell us. One key finding is that the object is truly a black hole, at least as we’ve understood black holes using relativity. It does not have any visible surface, and the “shadow” of light it creates is circular within the limits of our observations. We can also tell that it spins clockwise. All of the properties we can infer from these images are consistent with relativity. “I was a little stunned that it matched the predictions we made so well,” said Broderick.

The University of Amsterdam’s Sera Markoff said that the size of the black hole provided a new estimate of its mass; she called it “really a monster, even by black hole standards.” It’s roughly the size of the Solar System, but it has a mass that is 6.5 billion times that of our Sun. This actually resolved a conflict between two other measures of its mass, one from the motion of gas clouds nearby, the other from tracking the stars orbiting it. This may help us refine estimates of mass for black holes elsewhere.

Missing so far is any discussion of the jets launched by black holes that are ingesting mass. Some process causes a portion of the material falling toward the black hole to get ejected at roughly light speed in two jets. It was hoped that the Event Horizon Telescope would help clarify how these jets start, but Markoff suggested that we’ll have to wait for jet models to start incorporating the information obtained during this imaging..

When asked how he reacted to the first images, project lead Shep Doeleman said it was intensely satisfying. “We could have seen blobs, and we have seen blobs,” he said, talking about past results. “We saw something that was so true.”

The telescope

The Event Horizon Telescope isn’t a telescope in the traditional sense. Instead, it’s a collection of telescopes scattered around the globe. In its current iteration, it includes hardware from Hawaii to Europe, and from the South Pole to Greenland, though not all of these were active during the initial observations. The telescope is created by a process called interferometry, which uses light captured at different locations to build an image with a resolution similar to that of a telescope the size of the most distant locations.

Interferometry has been used for facilities like ALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, where telescopes can be spread across 16km of desert. In theory, there’s no upper limit on the size of the array, but there are several challenges. To know which photons originated at the same time at the source, you need very precise location and timing information on each of the sites. And you still have to gather sufficient photons in order to see anything. In general, that means atomic clocks (which had to be installed at many of the locations) and extremely precise GPS measurements built up over time. For the Event Horizon Telescope, the large collecting area of ALMA, combined with choosing a wavelength where supermassive black holes are very bright, ensured sufficient photons.

The net result is a telescope that can do the equivalent of reading the year stamped on a coin in Los Angeles from New York City—assuming the coin was glowing at radio wavelengths. There’s no way we can do better without relying on hardware that’s not located on Earth.

The locations of the individual telescopes that make up the Event Horizon Telescope.

Event Horizon Telescope

The locations of the individual telescopes that make up the Event Horizon Telescope. Event Horizon Telescope

The Large Millimeter Telescope.

Aleks PopStefanja

The Large Millimeter Telescope. Aleks PopStefanja

The Submillimeter Telescope.

Junham Kim, University of Arizona

The Submillimeter Telescope. Junham Kim, University of Arizona

The Large Millimeter Telescope. Aleks PopStefanja

The Submillimeter Telescope. Junham Kim, University of Arizona

People had to do work on the South Pole Telescope in winter to get it ready for the observations.

Eric Hansen/South Pole Telescope

The Submillimeter Array.

Jonathan Weintraub

ALMA has a lot of telescopes to contribute.

Ariel Marinkovic – ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)

Since a number of the sites are arrays, the initial data obtained for the Event Horizon observations was, in digital terms, enormous. So the people behind the Event Horizon telescope built a set of data recorders capable of gathering information at a 16 Gigabits/second rate and spreading it across 32 hard drives. Each site in the telescope received four of these data recording units; at the end of the observations, they were shipped to one of two data processing centers—in total, half a ton of hard drives were shipped around.

The process of reconstructing an image, then, is a colossal computing task, which is part of the reason that there’s been a significant lag from the observations made in April of 2017. (Waiting for spring in the Southern Hemisphere so the data from the South Pole Telescope could be transported out was another source of delay.)

What are we looking for?

The telescope did its imaging while pointed at two different targets: the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy and one in the large galaxy M87. Part of that was simply geometry, in that having hardware scattered across one side of the Earth limits the locations that can be imaged. But part of the reason these two were chosen is because they are very different examples of supermassive black holes.

Our galaxy’s central black hole is a relatively quiet one. While there is some matter in its vicinity, it hasn’t built up the features typical of active central black holes: a large disk of brightly glowing material and huge jets sent out of both poles at nearly the speed of light. Those, however, seem to be present on the Event Horizon Telescope’s second target, the central black hole of galaxy M87. That’s a larger, active black hole, and it has at least one jet (it’s oriented so we can’t see the second) that extends for thousands of light years.